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The Hebrew or Jewish calendar (, ''ha'luach ha'ivri'') is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions, ''yahrzeits'' (dates to commemorate the death of a relative), and daily Psalm readings, among many ceremonial uses. In Israel, it is used for religious purposes, provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes, although the latter usage has been steadily declining in favor of the Gregorian calendar. The present Hebrew calendar is the product of evolution, including a Babylonian influence. Until the Tannaitic period (approximately 10–220 CE) the calendar employed a new crescent moon, with an additional month normally added every two or three years to correct for the difference between twelve lunar months and the solar year. When to add it was based on observation of natural agriculture-related events.〔Specifically, the ripening of the barley crop; the age of the kids, lambs, and doves; the ripeness of the fruit trees; and the relation of the date to the ''tekufah'' (seasons). See the Talmud, Sanhedrin 11b〕 Through the Amoraic period (200–500 CE) and into the Geonic period, this system was gradually displaced by the mathematical rules used today. The principles and rules were fully codified by Maimonides in the ''Mishneh Torah'' in the 12th century. Maimonides' work also replaced counting "years since the destruction of the Temple" with the modern creation-era ''Anno Mundi.'' The Hebrew lunar year is about eleven days shorter than the solar cycle and uses the 19-year Metonic cycle to bring it into line with the solar cycle, with the addition of an intercalary month every two or three years, for a total of seven times per 19 years. Even with this intercalation, the average Hebrew calendar year is longer by about 6 minutes and 40 seconds than the current mean solar year, so that every 217 years the Hebrew calendar will fall a day behind the current mean solar year; and about every 231 years it will fall a day behind the Gregorian calendar year. The era used since the middle ages is the ''Anno Mundi'' epoch (Latin for "in the year of the world"; Hebrew: , "from the creation of the world"). As with ''Anno Domini'' (''A.D.'' or ''AD''), the words or abbreviation for ''Anno Mundi'' (''A.M.'' or ''AM'') for the era should properly ''precede'' the date rather than follow it, although this is no longer always followed. AM began at sunset on and will end at sunset on }}-1 day}}.〔("Tishrei, 5776" ). Chabad.org. Retrieved September 13, 2015.〕 ==Components== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hebrew calendar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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